December 18th, 2007
798 Part V . SUSE Linux in the Enterprise There is also a growing realization that getting locked in to the next versions of the Microsoft Office file formats might not be what everybody wants. In August 2005 the Commonwealth of Massachusetts announced that state agencies must adopt applications capable of supporting the OpenDocument file formats by January 1, 2007. It will be interesting to see whether Microsoft responds to this type of move by offering support for these formats in Microsoft Office, or whether this leads to file format wars in which the ultimate winner might be OpenOffice.org. The fact that OpenOffice.org is cross-platform software and runs on Windows as well as Linux means that migration to a fully open source desktop can be done in stages: first moving to OpenOffice.org on Windows and then changing the underlying operating system. This was the method adopted internally at Novell, with great success. The Technical Background Most of the pieces of the puzzle required for Linux to take its place on the desktops in large organizations are in place; indeed they have been for some time now. The majority of users in the majority of organizations use their computers for a relatively limited range of functions, almost entirely confined to email, web browsing, word processing, and spreadsheets. Native Linux applications for all these are available and equivalent in functionality to the Microsoft equivalents. . There is a very capable email client in Evolution, which has a look and feel similar to Microsoft Outlook. Evolution is able to connect to Microsoft Exchange mail servers, an essential capability for a desktop mail client in many large enterprises during the period of transition. . There is OpenOffice.org, which in its 1.1.x versions is able to read and write to Microsoft Office file formats with a high degree of fidelity in terms of formatting. (Version 2.0, which is in late beta at the time of this writing, is even further improved in terms of file format compatibility and supports the OASIS Open Document Format, which could become a standard for office-type file formats in the future.) . As web browsers, Firefox and Konqueror provide a better user experience and better security than Microsoft Internet Explorer. So for the core office functionality, Linux on the desktop has everything that it needs. The problems lie with the more unusual or stubborn applications.
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December 18th, 2007
32 CHAPTER …. In This Chapter The problems of migrating to Linux in large organizations Business Desktop Linux: The Novell Linux Desktop The vexed question of whether this year is the year of Linux on the desktop has been with us for some time now. The potential of Linux as an enterprise desktop operating system is clear, but the difficulties for a large organization in making the move are also formidable. There have been some high-profile decisions to move to Linux desktops: one of SUSE s early coups in this area was the decision by the town of Schwaebisch Hall in Germany in 2002 to move to Linux desktops. That migration has now taken place. SUSE and IBM achieved a great deal of publicity the following year when the City of Munich made a similar decision in principle, despite a dramatic last-minute counter-offer from Steve Ballmer of Microsoft. The history of the Munich Linux move since the initial decision has not been all good news for IBM or for Novell, however; the city has decided to use a specially modified Debian distribution and has chosen to contract out the implementation and support to relatively small local companies. The time scale for the migration has also been put back relative to the original plans. The outcome of the Munich migration will be of great interest to other large organizations. There certainly is a growing interest, particularly in public sector organizations in Europe, in making this move, which is combined with a growing suspicion of proprietary file formats (for example the Norwegian government recently announced a policy that proprietary file formats are not to be used in government work). The release of OpenOffice.org 2.0 using as default the OASIS OpenDocument Format can only fuel this general trend. Other commercial Linux desktop systems Thin-client solutions NLD installation NLD special features The future of NLD
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December 17th, 2007
796 Part V . SUSE Linux in the Enterprise Further Information For further information, you can go to Novell s main pages for the OES at www .novell.com/products/openenterpriseserver/index.html. Also, there are two books on OES published by Novell: . SUSE Linux and Novell Open Enterprise Server Administrator s Handbook by Mike Latimer and Jeffrey Harris (Novell Press, 2005) . Expanding Choice: Moving to Linux and Open Source with Novell Open Enterprise Server by Jason Williams, Peter Clegg, and Emmett Dulaney (Novell Press, 2005) …
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December 17th, 2007
Chapter 31 . The Novell Open Enterprise Server 795 Figure 31-10: Using the object selector window What Next? The Open Enterprise Server is Novell s attempt to create a new generation of server products for enterprise customers. It is instructive that they have understood that in the long term the only way to achieve this is on a Linux base. It will be interesting to watch how OES develops and whether it can gain serious market share for Novell. If you are involved in administering a large mixed network, OES must surely be one option that you should look at as a way forward. Most of the functionality that you would then have at your disposal can be achieved with Linux and open source tools alone (Samba, OpenLDAP and so on), but OES also gives you an integrated set of easy interfaces and robust underlying software that ease the problems of managing the entire infrastructure once it has been set up.
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December 15th, 2007
794 Part V . SUSE Linux in the Enterprise In practice Mozilla or Firefox seem to be better at working with the OES web interface than Konqueror. Most of the configuration of OES depends heavily on the information that is held in eDirectory. In many cases, when you are asked to complete a web form entry box to select an object; an object selector window can be opened by clicking a small magnifying glass icon. This enables you to select the object in eDirectory that you need to configure. For example, in Figure 31-9 we are about to launch the iFolder Management tool. Figure 31-9: Selecting the iFolder server in the iManager web interface The iFolder server name either can be typed into the web form or can be selected from the object selector window (see Figure 31-10). This makes working with the interface easier, because the object names are not always obvious (as in this case, where we need to choose iFolder_server01.disruptive.org.uk). The same process is used throughout whenever objects are to be selected for configuration. Everything that we can work with in OES is an object in the eDirectory database, including printers, servers, users, groups, storage volumes, and anything else that can be configured.
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December 15th, 2007
Chapter 31 . The Novell Open Enterprise Server 793 Figure 31-8: Setting additional network properties for the iFolder server OES Licensing The Novell Open Enterprise Server is quite unashamedly proprietary, and its licensing cost depends on the number of users and the additional services which you want to run. You can find price lists (in dollars and euros) at www.novell.com/ products/openenterpriseserver/pricing.html and www.novell.com/ products/openenterpriseserver/pricing_euro.html. Post-Installation Configuration of OES Although OES installs YaST modules for most of its specific services, this is not the way to configure them under normal circumstances. In fact, if you try to do this, you will in most cases see a warning telling you that you should not proceed unless your intention is to completely re-install that particular component. OES runs a web interface, and all normal configuration can be done through it. Most of the configuration is through the iManager interface, as mentioned earlier, which is accessed through https:///nps/.
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December 14th, 2007
792 Part V . SUSE Linux in the Enterprise Figure 31-7: The eDirectory configuration during the installation of OES Here, the administrator name and context should be in the form shown in Figure 31-7. In the dialect of LDAP used by eDirectory the cn= is separated from the o= by a dot rather than a comma, and so the dots within the domain name need to be escaped by backslashes. So you need to enter something like: cn=admin.o=disruptive.org.uk The next screen sets port numbers; there should normally be no reason to change anything here. In the next screen you are given the opportunity to set an NTP (time) server and configure SLP (Server Location Protocol) if necessary; with a single OES server, this is optional. If you have chosen to install iFolder, you now have to set an IP alias (an additional IP number) and an additional host name for the iFolder server, regardless of the fact that it will be running on the same machine as the rest of the OES installation (see Figure 31-8). The setting up and starting of the eDirectory server now takes quite a while. Following this, the installation will be complete.
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December 14th, 2007
Chapter 31 . The Novell Open Enterprise Server 791 Figure 31-6: The Installation types dialog box at the start of the OES installation Note that if you are installing from scratch, you will not be prompted for the SLES 9 Service Pack 1 disk set; certain necessary updates are included on the OES CDs, or will be completed through online updates afterwards. At the end of the package installation there are various extra stages compared to a standard SUSE Linux or SLES installation. After configuring a fixed IP number, host, domain names, and default route in the usual way, you are presented with a screen in which the SSL certificate authority is configured, and OpenLDAP. Unless you have very special reasons to do otherwise, you should accept the defaults here: in OES, eDirectory takes the place of OpenLDAP, so you should leave this unconfigured. Next, you are asked whether you want to configure OES now or later: choose to do so now. In the next screen (see Figure 31-7), you are asked to configure eDirectory.
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December 13th, 2007
790 Part V . SUSE Linux in the Enterprise eDirectory server. Windows and Linux clients can use Samba to manage and view files on the server. Novell Cluster Services Novell Cluster Services can manage multiple OES servers attached to the same storage area network (SAN). Its main purpose is to manage connections from a number of servers to SAN storage over fiber channel or iSCSI (SCSI over IPI), and allocate the volumes on the storage to the various servers attached to the SAN. Obtaining OES OES is available as a download for evaluation purposes from www.novell.com/ products/openenterpriseserver/eval.html. The download consists of three CD images in addition to the SLES 9 disk set that is a required part of the installation. The evaluation CD images contain a full version of the software. It is also possible to add OES to an already existing pre-installed SLES 9 installation, provided that Service Pack 1 has already been applied. Installing OES To start the installation, boot the machine from the first of the three OES CDs. This will start the familiar YaST installer, just like any other SUSE installation. Initially, apart from some additional license information, there is nothing unusual about the installation; it proceeds just as described in Chapter 1. There is an extra step where you are required at an early stage to decide what type of server you are installing. Figure 31-6 shows the general options at this stage. For a full installation of OES, choose the default Full installation, but note that this does not include, for example, the iFolder server. To change the software selection that you have chosen in this screen, choose Detailed Selection to use the usual YaST interface to add individual packages or selections. Here we describe Full installation with iFolder2 server added as an option. After you have set the partitioning, package selections, and all the other options in the main installation screen, YaST will proceed with the partitioning and create the file systems, and then will copy the entire contents of OES CDs 1 and 2 to a temporary location on the hard disk. Installation will then proceed, partly from the packages that have already been copied temporarily to the hard disk, and partly from the SLES 9 disk set which you will be prompted for as installation proceeds.
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December 13th, 2007
Chapter 31 . The Novell Open Enterprise Server 789 Figure 31-5: Remote Manager displaying information about server processes Novell Storage Services Novell Storage Services (NSS) is Novell s proprietary storage system. It includes its own file system (which is part of OES and is implemented through a set of kernel module with names beginning nss) and the ability to manage storage volumes arranged into pools. NSS manages the low-level storage of files on disk, while the files are offered to the clients by NCP and Samba described in the next two short sections. Novell NCP server NCP is the NetWare Core Protocol. OES offers user directories across the network both by NCP (the traditional NetWare protocol) and by Samba. Client machines with the NetWare client installed use the NCP protocol to access their files. Currently there is not a full implementation of the NetWare client for Linux. Novell Samba server The version of Samba (see Chapter 18) included in OES has been modified to integrate it into the eDirectory framework so that user authentication is against the
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